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Saturday 24 December 2022
Rasy UAH Is simple way to do your Assignment and Project
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it's possible that you may be referring to GPT, which stands for "Generative Pre-training Transformer." GPT is a type of artificial intelligence language model developed by OpenAI. It is designed to generate human-like text and can be used for a variety of language tasks, such as machine translation, text summarization, and language modeling. The GPT model is trained on a large dataset of text and uses machine learning techniques to generate text that is coherent and resembles human writing.
ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue We’ve trained a model called ChatGPT which interacts in a conversational way. The dialogue format makes it possible for ChatGPT to answer followup questions, admit its mistakes, challenge incorrect premises, and reject inappropriate requests. ChatGPT is a sibling model to InstructGPT, which is trained to follow an instruction in a prom We are excited to introduce ChatGPT to get users’ feedback and learn about its strengths and weaknesses. During the research preview, usage of ChatGPT is free.
Friday 16 December 2022
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Wednesday 14 September 2022
INTRODUCTION TO HACKERS
And how they influence the society. First of all, let's introduce the concept of hacking and take a look at who hackers are, what their intentions are, and how they influence society.
fun, learning, Fame, and need for money.) Types of hackers include hackers, crackers, phreaks, and script kiddies. Hackers are intelligent computer experts whose intention is usually for fun, learning, or fame. Crackers are individuals who gain unauthorized access to computer systems with the intention of causing damage or stealing information. Phreaks are individuals who exploit the telephone network to commit fraud or steal information. Script kiddies are inexperienced individuals who use existing scripts or programs to commit hacking or cracking activities.
To understand what is happening behind the scenes of any computer system, one must gain in-depth knowledge of the system. Their motive is to find possible security risks and vulnerabilities in a computer system or network. They create security awareness among the people by sharing knowledge and proper security preventions that should be taken by the user.
Types of Hackers:
•White Hat Hackers –“White hats” is the name used for security experts. While they often use the same tools and techniques as the black hats,t they do so in order to foil the bad guys. That is, they use those tools for ethical hacking and computer forensics. Ethical hacking is the process of using security tools to test and improve security (rather than to break it!). Computer Forensics Is the process of collecting evidence needed to identify and convict computer criminals.
. Black hat hackers illegally use their knowledge and skill set for destructive intentions. They are the bad guys who send viruses and worms, break into computer systems, steal data, and shut down networks. Black hat hackers and malware writers are not always considered the same thing in the security community, even though they are both breaking the law.
Grey Hat Hackers They use their knowledge and skill set for the legal and illegal purpose. They are white hats in public but internally they do some black hat work. Gray hats sit in the middle of the fence because sometimes they cross that ethical line (or more often, define it differently). For example, gray hats will break into a company’s computer system just to wander around and see what’s there. They think that simply because they don’t damage any data, they’re not committing a crime. Then they go and apply for jobs as security consultants for large corporations. They justify their earlier break-in as some sort of computer security training. Many really believe that they’re providing a public service by letting companies know that their computers are at risk.
Our Next lesson is cracker
Thank you so much Good Bye
Sunday 14 August 2022
C programming chapter 7
 |
| C programming by UAH TECHTUBE |
C Constants and Literals
The constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during its
execution. These fixed values are also called literals.
Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating
constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are also enumeration
constants as well.
The constants are treated just like regular variables except that their values cannot be
modified after their definition.
Integer literals
An integer literal can be a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal constant. A prefix specifies the
base or radix: 0x or 0X for hexadecimal, 0 for octal, and nothing for decimal.
An integer literal can also have a suffix that is a combination of U and L, for unsigned and
long, respectively. The suffix can be uppercase or lowercase and can be in any order.
Here are some examples of integer literals:
212 /* Legal */
215u /* Legal */
0xFeeL /* Legal */
078 /* Illegal: 8 is not an octal digit */
032UU /* Illegal: cannot repeat a suffix */
Following are other examples of various types of Integer literals:
85 /* decimal */
0213 /* octal */
0x4b /* hexadecimal */
30 /* int */
30u /* unsigned int */
30l /* long */
30ul /* unsigned long */
Floating-point literals
A floating-point literal has an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part, and an
exponent part. You can represent floating point literals either in decimal form or
exponential form.
While representing using decimal form, you must include the decimal point, the exponent,
or both and while representing using exponential form, you must include the integer part,
the fractional part, or both. The signed exponent is introduced by e or E.
Here are some examples of floating-point literals:
3.14159 /* Legal */
314159E-5L /* Legal */
510E /* Illegal: incomplete exponent */
210f /* Illegal: no decimal or exponent */
.e55 /* Illegal: missing integer or fraction */
Character constants
Character literals are enclosed in single quotes, e.g., 'x' and can be stored in a simple
variable of char type.
A character literal can be a plain character (e.g., 'x'), an escape sequence (e.g., '\t'), or a
universal character (e.g., '\u02C0').
There are certain characters in C when they are preceded by a backslash they will have
special meaning and they are used to represent like newline (\n) or tab (\t). Here, you
have a list of some of such escape sequence codes:
Escape
sequence
Meaning
\\ \ character
\' ' character
\" " character
\? ? character
\a Alert or bell
\b Backspace
\f Form feed
\n Newline
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab
\ooo Octal number of one to three digits
\xhh . . . Hexadecimal number of one or more digits
Following is the example to show few escape sequence characters:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello\tWorld\n\n");
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Hello World
String literals
String literals or constants are enclosed in double quotes "". A string contains characters
that are similar to character literals: plain characters, escape sequences, and universal
characters.
You can break a long line into multiple lines using string literals and separating them using
whitespaces.
Here are some examples of string literals. All the three forms are identical strings.
"hello, dear"
"hello, \
dear"
"hello, " "d" "ear"
Defining Constants
There are two simple ways in C to define constants:
1. Using #define preprocessor.
2. Using const keyword.
The #define Preprocessor
Following is the form to use #define preprocessor to define a constant:
#define identifier value
Following example explains it in detail:
#include <stdio.h>
#define LENGTH 10
#define WIDTH 5
#define NEWLINE '\n'
int main()
{
int area;
area = LENGTH * WIDTH;
printf("value of area : %d", area);
printf("%c", NEWLINE);
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
value of area : 50
The const Keyword
You can use const prefix to declare constants with a specific type as follows:
const type variable = value;
Following example explains it in detail:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
const int LENGTH = 10;
const int WIDTH = 5;
const char NEWLINE = '\n';
int area;
area = LENGTH * WIDTH;
printf("value of area : %d", area);
printf("%c", NEWLINE);
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
value of area : 50
Note that it is a good programming practice to define constants in CAPITALS.
WeWe will continue as Soon
For more details
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C programming chapter 6
|
| C programming by UAH TECHTUBE |
C programming chapter 6
C Variables
Avariable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can
manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of
the variable's memory; the range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the
set of operations that can be applied to the variable.
The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the underscore character. It
must begin with either a letter or an underscore. Upper and lowercase letters are distinct
because C is case-sensitive. Based on the basic types explained in previous chapter, there
will be the following basic variable types:
Type Description
Char Typically a single octet(one byte). This is an integer type.
Int The most natural size of integer for the machine.
Float A single-precision floating point value.
Double A double-precision floating point value.
Void Represents the absence of type.
C programming language also allows to define various other types of variables, which we
will cover in subsequent chapters like Enumeration, Pointer, Array, Structure, Union, etc.
For this chapter, let us study only basic variable types.
Variable Definition in C:
A variable definition means to tell the compiler where and how much to create the storage for the
variable. A variable definition specifies a data type and contains a list of one or more variables of
that type as follows:
type variable_list;
Here, type must be a valid C data type including char, w_char, int, float, double, bool or any userdefined object, etc., and variable_list may consist of one or more identifier names separated by
commas. Some valid declarations are shown here:
int i, j, k;
char c, ch;
float f, salary;
double d;
The line int i, j, k; both declares and defines the variables i, j and k; which instructs the compiler
to create variables named i, j and k of type int.
Variables can be initialized (assigned an initial value) in their declaration. The initializer consists of
an equal sign followed by a constant expression as follows:
type variable_name = value;
Some examples are:
extern int d = 3, f = 5; // declaration of d and f.
int d = 3, f = 5; // definition and initializing d and f.
byte z = 22; // definition and initializes z.
char x = 'x'; // the variable x has the value 'x'.
For definition without an initializer: variables with static storage duration are implicitly initialized
with NULL (all bytes have the value 0); the initial value of all other variables is undefined.
Variable Declaration in C:
A variable declaration provides assurance to the compiler that there is one variable existing with
the given type and name so that compiler proceed for further compilation without needing
complete detail about the variable. A variable declaration has its meaning at the time of
compilation only, compiler needs actual variable declaration at the time of linking of the program.
A variable declaration is useful when you are using multiple files and you define your variable in
one of the files, which will be available at the time of linking of the program. You will
use extern keyword to declare a variable at any place. Though you can declare a variable multiple
times in your C program but it can be defined only once in a file, a function or a block of code.
Example
Try the following example, where variables have been declared at the top, but they have been
defined and initialized inside the main function:
#include <stdio.h>
// Variable definition:
extern int a, b;
extern int c;
extern float f;
int main ()
{
// Variable definition:
int a, b;
int c;
float f;
// actual initialization
a =10;
b =20;
c = a + b;
printf("value of c : %d \n", c);
f = 70.0/3.0;
printf("value of f : %f \n", f);
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
value of c : 30
value of f : 23.333334
Same concept applies on function declaration where you provide a function name at the time of its
declaration and its actual definition can be given anywhere else. For example:
// function declaration
int func();
int main()
{
// function call
int i = func();
}
// function definition
int func()
{
return 0;
}
Lvalues and Rvalues in C
There are two kinds of expressions in C:
1. lvalue: An expression that is an lvalue may appear as either the left-hand or right-hand
side of an assignment.
2. rvalue: An expression that is an rvalue may appear on the right- but not left-hand side
of an assignment.
Variables are lvalues and so may appear on the left-hand side of an assignment. Numeric
literals are rvalues and so may not be assigned and cannot appear on the left-hand side.
Following is a valid statement:
int g = 20;
But following is not a valid statement and would generate compile-time error:
10 - 20
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